Party Whips of the United States House of Representatives

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Party leaders of the U.S. Business firm of Representatives

Party leaders and whips of the Us House of Representatives, also known every bit floor leaders, are elected by their corresponding parties in a airtight-door caucus past secret ballot.^[i] With the Democrats holding a bulk of seats and the Republicans property a minority, the current leaders are Majority Leader Steny Hoyer, Majority Whip Jim Clyburn, Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy and Minority Whip Steve Scalise.

Job description [edit]

Different the Senate Bulk Leader, the House Majority Leader is the second highest-ranking member of his or her political party's House conclave, backside the Speaker of the Firm.^{[ citation needed ]} The Majority Leader's bodily duties and prominence vary depending on the Speaker's ability and style. Typically, the Speaker does not participate in debate and rarely votes on the floor.^{[ commendation needed ]} In some cases, Majority Leaders have been more influential than the Speaker; notably, Tom Delay was more prominent than Speaker Dennis Hastert.^{[ citation needed ]} In improver, Speaker Newt Gingrich delegated to Dick Armey an unprecedented level of authority over scheduling legislation on the Firm floor.^[ii]

The current Minority Leader, Kevin McCarthy, serves as floor leader of the opposition party. Dissimilar the Bulk Leader, the Minority Leader is on the ballot for Speaker of the House during the convening of the Congress.^{[ citation needed ]} If the Minority Leader's party takes command of the Business firm, and the party officers are all reelected to their seats, the Minority Leader is usually the party's top option for Speaker for the next Congress, while the Minority Whip is typically in line to go Bulk Leader. The Minority Leader usually meets with the Majority Leader and the Speaker to hash out agreements on controversial bug.^{[ citation needed ]}

The Speaker, Majority Leader, Minority Leader, Bulk Whip and Minority Whip all receive special function suites in the Us Capitol.^{[ citation needed ]}

Selection [edit]

The floor leaders and whips of each party are elected by their corresponding parties in a closed-door caucus by secret election.^[3] The Speaker-presumptive is assumed to be the incoming Speaker, just they have non been formally selected to be nominated for Speaker past the majority party'south caucus. After this period, the Speaker-designate is also called in a closed-door session by the largest caucus although they are formally installed in their position by a public vote when Congress reconvenes.^[ane]

Similar the Speaker of the Firm, the Minority Leaders are typically experienced lawmakers when they win election to this position. When Nancy Pelosi, D-CA, became Minority Leader in the 108th Congress, she had served in the House nearly xx years and had served as minority whip in the 107th Congress. When her predecessor, Dick Gephardt, D-MO, became minority leader in the 104th House, he had been in the House for nigh twenty years, had served as chairman of the Autonomous Caucus for four years, had been a 1988 presidential candidate, and had been majority leader from June 1989 until Republicans captured control of the Business firm in the Nov 1994 elections. Gephardt'south predecessor in the minority leadership position was Robert Michel, R-IL, who became GOP Leader in 1981 afterwards spending 24 years in the House. Michel's predecessor, Republican John Rhodes of Arizona, was elected Minority Leader in 1973 after twenty years of Firm service.

By contrast, party leaders of the United States Senate have often ascended to their position despite relatively few years of feel in that sleeping room,^{[ citation needed ]} such as Lyndon B. Johnson, William F. Knowland, Tom Daschle, and Bill Frist. One-time Firm Majority Leader Eric Cantor also had a insufficiently quick ascension to the post and was the youngest House Majority Leader in American history.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Majority Leader [edit]

The House Majority Leader'southward duties vary, depending upon the political makeup of the majority conclave. In several contempo sessions of Congress, with the notable exception of the Pelosi speakership, the Majority Leader has been primarily responsible for scheduling the House floor's legislative calendar and direct management for all House committees.^{[ citation needed ]}

One statutory duty, per 19 UsC. § 2191(c)(ane), stipulates that an implementing pecker submitted by the President of the United States for a fast-rails negotiating authority (trade promotion authorization) merchandise agreement must be introduced (past request) in the House by the Bulk Leader of the House.^{[ citation needed ]}

History [edit]

Before 1899, the bulk party floor leader had traditionally been the Chairman of the House Means and Means Committee, the most powerful commission in the House, as it generates the Bills of Acquirement specified in the Constitution as the House's unique power.^[4]

The office of Majority Leader was created in 1899 and first occupied by Sereno Payne.^[five] Speaker David B. Henderson created the position to institute a party leader on the House floor separate from the Speaker, every bit the role of Speaker had go more than prominent and the size of the House had grown from 105 at the beginning of the century to 356.^{[ citation needed ]}

Starting with Republican Nicholas Longworth in 1925 and continuing until 1995, all majority leaders have directly ascended to the Speakership later the incumbent surrenders the position. The only exceptions during this catamenia were Charles A. Halleck, who served equally Majority Leader from 1947-1949, ultimately did not become Speaker because his party lost the House in the 1948 Business firm ballot, and served as Majority Leader in 1953-1955, ultimately did non become Speaker considering his party lost control over the House after the 1954 House Election and would non regain the House until 1994 (Halleck had been dead for years at this point); Hale Boggs, who served as Majority Leader from 1971-1973, died in a plane crash; and Dick Gephardt, who served equally Majority Leader from 1989-1995 descended to Minority Leader since his party lost control in the 1994 midterm elections.

Since 1995, the only Bulk Leader to get Speaker is John Boehner, though indirectly as his party lost control in the 2006 midterms elections. He after served equally Republican Business firm leader and Minority Leader from 2007 to 2011 and then was elected Speaker when the House reconvened in 2011. In 1998, when Speaker Newt Gingrich appear his resignation, neither Majority Leader Dick Armey nor Majority Whip Tom DeLay contested the Speakership, which somewhen went to Chief Deputy Whip Dennis Hastert.

Traditionally, the Speaker is viewed as the leader of the bulk political party in the House, with the Majority Leader as second-in-command. For instance, when the Republicans gained the majority in the House after the 2010 elections, Boehner ascended to the Speakership while Eric Cantor succeeded Boehner every bit Bulk Leader. Cantor was understood to be the second-ranking Republican in the House since Boehner was the indisputable leader of the Business firm Republicans. However, at that place have been some exceptions. The nearly contempo exception to this rule came when Majority Leader Tom Filibuster was considered more prominent Speaker Dennis Hastert from 2003 to 2006.^{[half dozen]}

In dissimilarity, the Minority Leader is the undisputed leader of the minority political party. For instance, when the Republicans lost their majority in the 2022 elections, McCarthy was elected equally Minority Leader and hence replaced Ryan as the highest-ranking Firm Republican.

When the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by i party, the Speaker unremarkably takes a low contour and defers to the President.^{[ commendation needed ]} For that state of affairs, the House Minority Leader tin can play the role of a de facto "leader of the opposition", often more so than the Senate Minority Leader, attributable to the more partisan nature of the Business firm and the greater role of leadership.

When the Majority Leader'south party loses control of the House, and if the Speaker and Majority Leader both remain in the leadership bureaucracy, convention suggests that they would become the Minority Leader and Minority Whip, respectively. As the minority political party has ane less leadership position after losing the speaker'southward chair, at that place may be a contest for the remaining leadership positions. Nancy Pelosi is the most recent example of an outgoing Speaker seeking the Minority Leader post to retain the Firm party leadership, as the Democrats lost command of the House in the 2010 elections. She ran successfully for Minority Leader in the 112th Congress.^{[seven] [viii]}

In 2014, Eric Cantor became the offset House Bulk Leader to lose a principal election. Following his primary defeat, Cantor announced his resignation every bit Bulk Leader, effective July 31, 2014,^{[9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]} and he later resigned his seat in Congress.^[fifteen]

Minority Leader [edit]

Responsibilities [edit]

From an institutional perspective, the rules of the House assign a number of specific responsibilities to the minority leader. For instance, Rule XII, clause 6, grant the minority leader (or their designee) the correct to offer a move to recommit with instructions; Rule II, clause 6, states the Inspector Full general shall be appointed past joint recommendation of the Speaker, majority leader, and minority leader; and Dominion Xv, clause 6, provides that the Speaker, afterward consultation with the minority leader, may place legislation on the Corrections Agenda. The minority leader also has other institutional duties, such every bit appointing individuals to certain federal entities.

From a party perspective, the minority leader has a wide range of partisan assignments, all geared toward retaking majority command of the House. Five principal party activities directly the work of the minority leader.

1. The minority leader provides entrada aid to party incumbents and challengers.
2. The minority leader devises strategies, in consultation with other partisan colleagues, that advance party objectives. For example, by stalling activity on the majority political party's agenda, the minority leader may exist able to launch a campaign against a "practise-aught Congress."
3. The minority leader works to promote and publicize the party'southward agenda.
4. The minority leader, if their party controls the White House, confers regularly with the President and the President'due south aides about issues before Congress, the Administration's agenda, and political events generally.
5. The minority leader strives to promote political party harmony and then equally to maximize the chances for legislative and political success.

The roles and responsibilities of the minority leader are non well-defined. To a large extent, the functions of the minority leader are defined by tradition and custom. A minority leader from 1931 to 1939, Representative Bertrand Snell, R-Northward.Y., provided this "chore description": "He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies. He is required to be alert and vigilant in defense of the minority's rights. It is his function and duty to criticize constructively the policies and programs of the majority, and to this cease apply parliamentary tactics and give close attending to all proposed legislation."^[16]

Since Snell's description, other responsibilities have been added to the job. These duties involve an array of institutional and party functions. Before examining the institutional and party assignments of the minority leader, information technology is worth highlighting the historical origin of this position.

Origin of the mail service [edit]

To a big extent, the minority leader's position is a 20th-century innovation. Prior to this time congressional parties were often relatively disorganized, then it was not always axiomatic who functioned as the opposition floor leader. Decades went by before anything like the modernistic two-party congressional organization emerged on Capitol Hill with official titles for those who were its official leaders. All the same, from the earliest days of Congress, various Business firm members intermittently assumed the role of "opposition leader". Some scholars propose that Representative James Madison of Virginia informally functioned as the first "minority leader" because in the Start Congress he led the opposition to Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton's fiscal policies.^[17]

During this early on period, it was more usual that neither major party group (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans) had an official leader. In 1813, for instance, a scholar recounts that the Federalist minority of 36 Members needed a commission of 13 "to represent a political party comprising a singled-out minority" and "to coordinate the deportment of men who were already partisans in the aforementioned cause."^[xviii] In 1828, a foreign observer of the Business firm offered this perspective on the absence of formal party leadership on Capitol Loma:

I found there were absolutely no persons holding the stations of what are called, in England, Leaders, on either side of the Business firm.... Information technology is truthful, that sure members do take charge of administration questions, and certain others of opposition questions; but all this and so obviously without concert among themselves, actual or tacit, that nil can be conceived less systematic or more than completely desultory, disjointed.^[19]

Internal party disunity compounded the difficulty of identifying lawmakers who might have informally functioned as a minority leader. For instance, "seven of the fourteen speakership elections from 1834 through 1859 had at least twenty different candidates in the field. Thirty-6 competed in 1839, xc-seven in 1849, ninety-one in 1859, and 138 in 1855."^[20] With and so many candidates competing for the speakership, it is not at all clear that i of the defeated lawmakers then causeless the mantle of "minority leader." The Democratic minority from 1861 to 1875 was and then completely disorganized that they did not "nominate a candidate for Speaker in 2 of these vii Congresses and nominated no man more than one time in the other five. The defeated candidates were not automatically looked to for leadership."^[21]

In the judgment of political scientist Randall Ripley, since 1883 "the candidate for Speaker nominated by the minority political party has conspicuously been the Minority Leader."^[22] However, this assertion is subject field to dispute. On December 3, 1883, the House elected Democrat John G. Carlisle of Kentucky equally Speaker. Republicans placed in nomination for the speakership J. Warren Keifer of Ohio, who was Speaker the previous Congress.^[23] Clearly, Keifer was not the Republicans' minority leader. He was a discredited leader in role because as Speaker he arbitrarily handed out "option jobs to close relatives ... all at handsome salaries."^[24] Keifer received "the empty honor of the minority nomination. But with it came a sting -- for while this naturally involves the floor leadership, he was deserted by his [partisan] assembly and his career as a national figure terminated ingloriously."^[25] Representative Thomas Reed, R-ME, who later became Speaker, assumed the de facto role of minority flooring leader in Keifer's stead. "[A]lthough Keifer was the minority's candidate for Speaker, Reed became its acknowledged leader, and ever after, so long as he served in the House, remained the nearly conspicuous member of his political party.^[26]

Another scholar contends that the minority leader position emerged even earlier 1883. On the Democratic side, "at that place were serious caucus fights for the minority speakership nomination in 1871 and 1873," indicating that the "nomination carried with it some vestige of leadership."^[27] Further, when Republicans were in the minority, the party nominated for Speaker a series of prominent lawmakers, including ex-Speaker James Blaine of Maine in 1875, erstwhile Appropriations Chairman James A. Garfield of Ohio, in 1876, 1877, and 1879, and ex-Speaker Keifer in 1883. "It is hard to believe that House partisans would place a homo in the speakership when in the majority, and nominate him for this function when in the minority, and non await to him for legislative guidance."^[27] This was non the case, according to some observers, with respect to ex-Speaker Keifer.

In brief, in that location is disagreement amongst historical analysts as to the verbal time period when the minority leadership emerged officially as a party position. Even so, information technology seems safe to conclude that the position emerged during the latter part of the 19th century, a period of stiff party organization and professional politicians. This era was "marked by potent partisan attachments, resilient patronage-based party organizations, and...high levels of party voting in Congress."^[28] Plainly, these were conditions conducive to the establishment of a more highly differentiated Business firm leadership structure.^[29]

Minority party nominees for Speaker, 1865–1897 [edit]

While the Office of the House Historian only lists Minority Leaders starting in 1899,^[thirty] the minority's nominees for Speaker (at the commencement of each Congress) may be considered their party's leaders before that time.

• 1865: James Brooks (D-NY)
• 1867: Samuel S. Marshall (D-IL)
• 1869: Michael C. Kerr (D-IN)
• 1871: George W. Morgan (D-OH)
• 1873: Fernando Wood (D-NY)
• 1875: James Gillespie Blaine (R-ME)
• 1877, 1879: James Abram Garfield (R-OH)
• 1881: Samuel Jackson Randall (D-PA)
• 1883: Joseph Warren Keifer (R-OH)
• 1885, 1887: Thomas Brackett Reed (R-ME)
• 1889: John Griffin Carlisle (D-KY)
• 1891, 1893: Thomas Brackett Reed (R-ME)
• 1895: Charles F. Crisp (D-GA)
• 1897: Joseph W. Bailey (D-TX)^[31]

Trends [edit]

Two other points of historical interest merit brief mention. Showtime, until the 61st Congress (1909–1910), "it was the custom to have the minority leader also serve equally the ranking minority member on the two most powerful committees, Rules and Ways and Means."^[32] Today, the minority leader no longer serves on these committees; however, they appoint the minority members of the Rules Commission and influence the assignment of partisan colleagues to the Ways and Means Commission.

2nd, Democrats take always elevated their minority floor leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority status. Republicans have not ever followed this leadership succession pattern. In 1919, for case, Republicans bypassed James R. Mann, R-IL, who had been minority leader for eight years, and elected Frederick Gillett, R-MA, to be Speaker. Isle of mann "had angered many Republicans by objecting to their private bills on the floor;" besides he was a protégé of autocratic Speaker Joseph Cannon, R-IL (1903–1911), and many Members "suspected that he would try to re-centralize power in his easily if elected Speaker."^[33] More than recently, although Robert H. Michel was the Minority Leader in 1994 when the Republicans regained control of the Business firm in the 1994 midterm elections, he had already appear his retirement and had fiddling or no interest in the entrada, including the Contract with America which was unveiled six weeks earlier voting solar day.

In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the Speaker normally assumes a lower contour and defers to the President. For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto "leader of the opposition", often more so than the Senate Minority Leader, due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership. Minority Leaders who accept played prominent roles in opposing the incumbent President take included Gerald Ford, Richard Gephardt, Nancy Pelosi, and John Boehner.

Institutional functions [edit]

The fashion and role of whatsoever minority leader is influenced past a variety of elements, including personality and contextual factors, such as the size and cohesion of the minority party, whether their party controls the White Business firm, the general political climate in the House, and the controversy that is sometimes associated with the legislative agenda. Despite the variability of these factors, there are a number of institutional obligations associated with this position. Many of these assignments or roles are spelled out in the Firm rule book. Others accept devolved upon the position in other ways. To be certain, the minority leader is provided with extra staff resources—beyond those accorded him or her equally a Representative—to assist in carrying out various leadership functions. Worth emphasis is that at that place are limits on the institutional part of the minority leader, because the majority party exercises asymmetric influence over the agenda, partisan ratios on committees, staff resources, authoritative operations, and the mean solar day-to-day schedule and management of flooring activities.

Nether the rules of the House, the minority leader has certain roles and responsibilities. They include the post-obit:

Drug Testing. Under Rule I, clause 9, the "Speaker, in consultation with the Minority Leader, shall develop through an advisable entity of the House a system for drug testing in the House."

Inspector Full general. Dominion II, clause 6, states that the "Inspector Full general shall be appointed for a Congress by the Speaker, the Bulk Leader, and the Minority Leader, interim jointly." This dominion further states that the minority leader and other specified House leaders shall exist notified of any financial irregularity involving the House and receive inspect reports of the inspector general.

Questions of Privilege. Nether Dominion IX, clause 2, a resolution "offered as a question of privilege by the Majority Leader or the Minority Leader ... shall have precedence of all other questions except motions to curb." This rule further references the minority leader with respect to the sectionalisation of time for fence of these resolutions.

Oversight Plans. Under Rule X, clause 2, not later "than March 31 in the offset session of a Congress, after consultation with the Speaker, the Majority Leader, and the Minority Leader, the Committee on Government Reform shall report to the Business firm the oversight plans" of the standing committees forth with any recommendations it or the Firm leaders accept proposed to ensure the effective coordination of committees' oversight plans.

Commission on Standards of Official Deport: Investigative Subcommittees. Rule X, clause 5, stipulates: "At the beginning of a Congress, the Speaker or his designee and the Minority Leader or his designee each shall appoint 10 Members, Delegates, or Resident Commissioners from his respective party who are not members of the Committee on Standards of Official Deport to be bachelor to serve on investigative subcommittees of that committee during that Congress."

Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. "The Speaker and Minority Leader shall be ex officio members of the select commission just shall have no vote in the select committee and may not exist counted for purposes of determining a quorum." In addition, each leader may designate a member of his leadership staff to aid him with his ex officio duties. (Dominion X, clause 11).

Motion to Recommit with Instructions. Under Rule Xiii, clause vi, the Rules Committee may not (except in certain specified circumstances) issue a "rule" that prevents the minority leader or a designee from offer a move to recommit with instructions.

In addition, the minority leader has a number of other institutional functions. For instance, the minority leader is sometimes statutorily authorized to appoint individuals to certain federal entities; they and the majority leader each name three Members to serve as Private Calendar objectors; they are consulted with respect to reconvening the House per the usual conception of conditional concurrent adjournment resolutions; they are a traditional member of the House Office Building Commission; they are a member of the Us Capitol Preservation Commission; and they may, after consultation with the Speaker, convene an early organizational party conclave or conference. Informally, the minority leader maintains ties with bulk party leaders to learn about the schedule and other Business firm matters and forges agreements or understandings with them insofar as viable.

Party functions [edit]

The minority leader has a number of formal and informal party responsibilities. Formally, the rules of each political party specify certain roles and responsibilities for their leader. For instance, nether Democratic rules for the 106th Congress, the minority leader may call meetings of the Democratic Conclave. They are a member of the Democratic Congressional Entrada Committee; names the members of the Autonomous Leadership Council; chairs the Policy Committee; and heads the Steering Committee. Examples of other assignments are making "recommendations to the Speaker on all Autonomous Members who shall serve as conferees" and nominating political party members to the Committees on Rules and House Administration. Republican rules identify generally comparable functions for their top party leader.

Informally, the minority leader has a wide range of party assignments. Lewis Deschler, the late House Parliamentarian (1928–1974), summarized the diverse duties of a party's floor leader:

A party'south floor leader, in conjunction with other party leaders, plays an influential office in the formulation of political party policy and programs. They are instrumental in guiding legislation favored past his political party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own political party. They are instrumental in devising and implementing his party'south strategy on the floor with respect to promoting or opposing legislation. They are kept constantly informed as to the condition of legislative business and as to the sentiment of his party respecting particular legislation under consideration. Such data is derived in role from the floor leader'southward contacts with his party's members serving on House committees, and with the members of the party's whip organization.^[34]

These and several other party roles merit farther mention because they influence significantly the leader'due south overarching objective: retake majority control of the House. "I want to get [my] members elected and win more seats," said Minority Leader Richard Gephardt, D-MO. "That'southward what [my partisan colleagues] want to practice, and that's what they want me to do."^[35]

Five activities illustrate how minority leaders seek to accomplish this primary goal.

Provide Entrada Help. Minority leaders are typically energetic and ambitious campaigners for partisan incumbents and challengers. There is hardly any major attribute of campaigning that does not engage their attention. For instance, they assist in recruiting qualified candidates; they establish "leadership PACs" to raise and distribute funds to House candidates of their party; they try to persuade partisan colleagues not to retire or run for other offices so equally to hold downwardly the number of open seats the party would need to defend; they coordinate their entrada activities with congressional and national party campaign committees; they encourage outside groups to back their candidates; they travel around the land to speak on behalf of political party candidates; and they encourage incumbent colleagues to make pregnant financial contributions to the party's entrada committee. "The amount of time that [Minority Leader] Gephardt is putting in to aid the DCCC [Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee] is unheard of," noted a Autonomous lobbyist."No DCCC chairman has always had that kind of support."^[36]

Devise Minority Party Strategies. The minority leader, in consultation with other party colleagues, has a range of strategic options that they tin use to advance minority party objectives. The options selected depend on a wide range of circumstances, such as the visibility or significance of the issue and the caste of cohesion inside the majority party. For instance, a majority party riven by internal dissension, as occurred during the early 1900s when Progressive and "regular" Republicans were at loggerheads, may provide the minority leader with greater opportunities to reach their priorities than if the majority party exhibited high degrees of party cohesion. Among the variable strategies available to the minority political party, which tin can vary from pecker to bill and be used in combination or at different stages of the code procedure, are the post-obit:

Cooperation. The minority political party supports and cooperates with the majority party in building winning coalitions on the floor.

Inconsequential Opposition. The minority party offers opposition, but it is of marginal significance, typically because the minority is so small-scale.

Withdrawal. The minority political party chooses non to accept a position on an issue, maybe because of intraparty divisions.

Innovation. The minority party develops alternatives and agendas of its ain and attempts to construct winning coalitions on their behalf.

Partisan Opposition. The minority party offers stiff opposition to majority party initiatives but does not counter with policy alternatives of their own.

Constructive Opposition. The minority party opposes initiatives of the majority party and offers its own proposals as substitutes.

Participation. The minority party is in the position of having to consider the views and proposals of their president and to assess their majority-edifice role with respect to his priorities.^[a]

A look at i minority leadership strategy—partisan opposition—may suggest why information technology might be employed in specific circumstances. The purposes of obstruction are several, such every bit frustrating the bulk party's power to govern or alluring press and media attention to the alleged ineffectiveness of the majority political party. "We know how to delay," remarked Minority Leader Gephardt^[37] Dilatory motions to adjourn, appeals of the presiding officer'southward ruling, or numerous requests for whorl telephone call votes are standard time-consuming parliamentary tactics. By stalling activeness on the majority party's agenda, the minority leader may exist able to launch a campaign confronting a "do-nothing Congress" and convince plenty voters to put his party back in charge of the Business firm. To be certain, the minority leader recognizes that "going negative" carries risks and may non be a winning strategy if his party fails to offering policy alternatives that appeal to broad segments of the general public.

Promote and Publicize the Political party's Agenda. An of import aim of the minority leader is to develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals that unites their own House members and that energizes and appeals to core electoral supporters likewise equally independents and swing voters. Despite the minority leader's restricted ability to set the House's agenda, there are yet opportunities for him to raise minority priorities. For case, the minority leader may employ, or threaten to employ, discharge petitions to effort and bring minority priorities to the floor.^[38] If they are able to attract the required 218 signatures on a discharge petition by attracting majority party supporters, they tin can forcefulness minority initiatives to the floor over the opposition of the majority leadership. As a GOP minority leader once said, the challenges he confronted are to "proceed our people together, and to expect for votes on the other side."^[39]

Minority leaders may engage in numerous activities to publicize their party'south priorities and to criticize the opposition's. For case, to keep their political party colleagues "on bulletin," they insure that partisan colleagues are sent packets of suggested press releases or "talking points" for constituent meetings in their districts; they help to organize "town meetings" in Members' districts around the country to publicize the party's agenda or a specific priority, such equally health care or pedagogy; they sponsor party "retreats" to discuss bug and appraise the party's public epitome; they create "theme teams" to craft party messages that might be raised during the i-infinitesimal, morning hr, or special order period in the Firm; they comport surveys of party colleagues to discern their policy preferences; they plant websites that highlight and distribute party images and issues to users; and they organize task forces or issue teams to formulate party programs and to develop strategies for communicating these programs to the public.

Business firm minority leaders also hold joint news conferences and consult with their counterparts in the Senate—and with the president if their party controls the White House. The overall objectives are to develop a coordinated communications strategy, to share ideas and information, and to present a united front on issues. Minority leaders as well make flooring speeches and shut debate on major issues before the House; they deliver addresses in various forums across the country, and they write books or articles that highlight minority party goals and achievements. They must as well be prepared "to debate on the floor, ad lib, no notes, on a moment'due south notice," remarked Minority Leader Michel.^[40] In brief, minority leaders are key strategists in developing and promoting the party'due south agenda and in outlining means to neutralize the opposition's arguments and proposals.

Confer With the White Business firm. If their party controls the White Firm, the minority leader confers regularly with the President and his aides about issues before Congress, the Administration's agenda, and political events generally. Strategically, the part of the minority leader will vary depending on whether the President is of the same party or the other party. In general, minority leaders will often piece of work to advance the goals and aspirations of their political party'south President in Congress. When Robert Michel, R-IL, was minority leader (1981–1995), he typically functioned equally the "betoken man" for Republican presidents.^[41] President Ronald Reagan's 1981 policy successes in the Autonomous-controlled House was due in no small measure to Minority Leader Michel's effectiveness in wooing and then-called "Reagan Democrats" to support, for example, the Administration'south landmark upkeep reconciliation bill. There are occasions, of course, when minority leaders will fault the legislative initiatives of their President. On an administration proposal that could adversely affect his commune, Michel stated that he might "abdicate my leadership role [on this effect] since I can't harmonize my own views with the administration'due south."^[42] Minority Leader Gephardt, as another case, has publicly opposed a number of President Clinton's legislative initiatives from "fast rail" merchandise authorization to diverse budget issues.^[43]

When the White Firm is controlled by the House bulk party, then the House minority leader assumes a larger office in formulating alternatives to executive branch initiatives and in acting every bit a national spokesperson for their political party. "As Minority Leader during [President Lyndon Johnson'due south] Democratic administration, my responsibility has been to propose Republican alternatives," said Minority Leader Gerald Ford, R-MI.^[44] Greatly outnumbered in the House, Minority Leader Ford devised a political strategy that allowed Republicans to offer their alternatives in a fashion that provided them political protection. As Ford explained:

"Nosotros used a technique of laying our program out in full general debate," he said. When we got to the subpoena stage, nosotros would offering our program as a substitute for the Johnson proposal. If we lost in the Committee of the Whole, then nosotros would usually offer information technology as a motion to recommit and go a vote on that. And if we lost on the motion to recommit, our Republican members had a choice: They could vote confronting the Johnson programme and say nosotros did our best to come upwards with a ameliorate alternative. Or they could vote for information technology and brand the aforementioned argument. Usually we lost; only when you're only 140 out of 435, y'all don't expect to win many.^[45]

Ford also teamed with Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen, R-IL, to human action as national spokesmen for their political party. They met with the press every Thursday post-obit the weekly joint leadership coming together. Ford's predecessor as minority leader, Charles Halleck, R-IN, probably received more visibility in this role, because the press and media dubbed it the "Ev and Charlie Evidence." In fact, the "Republican National Commission budgeted $30,000 annually to produce the weekly news conference."^[46]

Foster Party Harmony. Minority status, by itself, is ofttimes an of import inducement for minority party members to stay together, to accommodate different interests, and to submerge intraparty factional disagreements. To concur a diverse membership together oftentimes requires extensive consultations and discussions with rank-and-file Members and with different factional groupings. As Minority Leader Gephardt said:

We have weekly caucus meetings. We take daily leadership meetings. We have weekly ranking Member meetings. We have party effectiveness meetings. There's a lot more than communication. I believe leadership is bottom upwardly, not tiptop down. I recollect you have to build policy and strategy and vision from the bottom up, and involve people in figuring out what that is.^[47]

Gephardt added that "inclusion and empowerment of the people on the line have to be done to get the best performance" from the minority political party.^[48] Other techniques for fostering party harmony include the appointment of job forces composed of partisan colleagues with conflicting views to reach consensus on issues; the cosmos of new leadership positions as a way to reach out and involve a greater diverseness of partisans in the leadership structure; and daily meetings in the Leader's office (or at breakfast, lunch, or dinner) to lay out floor strategy or political objectives for the minority party.

Political party whips and assistant party leaders [edit]

Whips [edit]

A whip manages their political party'due south legislative program on the House flooring. The whip keeps track of all legislation and ensures that all party members are present when important measures are to be voted upon.

The Majority Whip is an elected member of the majority political party who assists the Speaker of the House and the majority leader to coordinate ideas on, and garner support for, proposed legislation. They are reckoned as the third-ranking member of his or her party behind the Speaker and the Majority Leader.

The Minority Whip is a member of the minority political party who assists the minority leader in analogous the party caucus in its responses to legislation and other matters. They are reckoned equally the second most powerful member of his or her political party, behind the minority leader. Withal, the U.S. House of Representatives does non utilize the term "minority whip," instead calling the position "Republican Whip" or "Democratic Whip" depending on the minority party.

The Chief Deputy Whip is the primary banana to the whip, who is the main vote counter for their party. The current chief deputy minority whip is Republican Drew Ferguson. Within the House Republican Conference, the master deputy whip is the highest appointed position and frequently a launching pad for future positions in the House Leadership. Cantor and McCarthy, for instance, served as chief deputy Republican whips before ascending to the majority leader'south post. The Business firm Democratic Briefing has multiple chief deputy whips, led past a Senior Main Deputy Whip, which is the highest appointed position within the House Democratic Caucus. John Lewis held this mail from 1991 until his death in 2020. Jan Schakowsky held the position of senior chief deputy majority whip along with Lewis since 2019, previously property a position as primary deputy whip since 2005. Between 1955 and 1973, the Democrats simply had the championship Deputy Whip.^[49]

List of Republican Primary Deputy Whips

• 1981–1983: David F. Emery (Minority)
• 1983–1987: Tom Loeffler (Minority)
• 1987–1989: Edward Rell Madigan (Minority)
• 1989–1993: Steve Gunderson and Robert Smith Walker (Minority)
• 1993–1995: Robert Smith Walker (Minority)
• 1995–1999: Dennis Hastert (Majority)
• 1999–2003: Roy Blunt (Majority)
• 2003–2009: Eric Cantor (Majority, 2003–2007; Minority, 2007–2009)
• 2009–2011: Kevin McCarthy (Minority)
• 2011–2014: Peter Roskam (Majority)
• 2014–2019: Patrick McHenry (Majority)
• 2019–present: Drew Ferguson (Minority)

Listing of Autonomous Chief Deputy Whips

• 1955–1962: Hale Boggs (Majority)
• 1962–1971: Tip O'Neill (Majority)
• 1971–1973: John Brademas, John J. McFall (Majority)
• 1973–1977: John Brademas (Majority)
• 1977–1981: Dan Rostenkowski (Bulk)
• 1981–1987: Neb Alexander (Majority)
• 1987–1991: David Bonior (Bulk)
• 1991–1993: Butler Derrick, Barbara Kennelly, John Lewis (Majority)
• 1993–1995: Butler Derrick, Barbara Kennelly, John Lewis, Bill Richardson (Majority)
• 1995–1997: Rosa DeLauro, John Lewis, Beak Richardson (Minority)
• 1997–1999: Rosa DeLauro, Chet Edwards, John Lewis, Bob Menendez (Minority)
• 1999–2002: Chet Edwards, John Lewis, Ed Pastor, Maxine Waters (Minority)
• 2002–2003: John Lewis, Ed Pastor, Max Sandlin, Maxine Waters (Minority)
• 2003–2005: John Lewis (Senior Principal Deputy Whip), Joe Crowley, Baron Loma, Ron Kind, Ed Pastor, Max Sandlin, Jan Schakowsky, Maxine Waters (Minority)
• 2005–2007: John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), Joe Crowley, Diana DeGette, Ron Kind, Ed Pastor, Jan Schakowsky, John Tanner, Maxine Waters (Minority)
• 2007–2011: John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), G. Chiliad. Butterfield, Joe Crowley, Diana DeGette, Ed Pastor, Jan Schakowsky, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, John Tanner, Maxine Waters (Majority)
• 2011–2013: John Lewis (Senior Principal Deputy Whip), 1000. K. Butterfield, Joe Crowley, Diana DeGette, Jim Matheson, Ed Pastor, Jan Schakowsky, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Maxine Waters, Peter Welch (Minority)
• 2013–2015: John Lewis (Senior Chief Deputy Whip), G. K. Butterfield, Diana DeGette, Keith Ellison, Ben Ray Lujan, Jim Matheson, Jan Schakowsky, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Terri Sewell, Peter Welch (Minority)
• 2015–2019: John Lewis (Senior Master Deputy Whip), G. K. Butterfield, Joaquin Castro, Diana DeGette, Keith Ellison, Jan Schakowsky, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Terri Sewell, Kyrsten Sinema, Peter Welch (Minority)
• 2019–nowadays: Cedric Richmond (until January fifteen, 2021) (Banana to the Majority Whip), John Lewis (until July 17, 2020), Jan Schakowsky (Senior Principal Deputy Whips), Pete Aguilar, G. K. Butterfield, Henry Cuellar, Sheila Jackson Lee, Dan Kildee, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Terri Sewell, Peter Welch (Bulk)

Banana party leaders [edit]

The position of Banana Democratic Leader was established past Nancy Pelosi on Jan 3, 2011 and filled past Jim Clyburn to avoid a battle for whip between and so-Bulk Leader Steny Hoyer and then-Bulk Whip Jim Clyburn. The championship has undergone several proper name changes, with the title currently known equally the titular "Assistant Speaker of the House of Representatives"; information technology is said to supersede the Assistant to the Leader post offset established in 1999; and previously held past Chris Van Hollen. There is currently no Republican equivalent in the U.S. House of Representatives.

Listing of House Democratic Assistants to the Leader

• 1999–2003: Rosa DeLauro
• 2003–2007: John Spratt
• 2007–2009: Xavier Becerra
• 2009–2011: Chris Van Hollen

List of House Assistant Democratic Leaders

• 2011–2019: Jim Clyburn

Listing of Assistant Speakers of the House of Representatives

• 2019–2021: Ben Ray Luján
• 2021–present: Katherine Clark

List of party leaders and whips [edit]

The Speaker and President are included for historical and comparative reference.

Cong ress	Years	Democratic whip	Democratic leader	Speaker	Republican leader	Republican whip		U.S. President
56th	1899–1901	Oscar Underwood[b] (Alabama)	James D. Richardson (Tennessee)	— GOP Speaker – David B. Henderson (Iowa)	— Majority — Sereno E. Payne (New York)	— Bulk — James Albertus Tawney (Minnesota)		William McKinley (Republican)
57th	1901–1903	James Tilghman Lloyd (Missouri)						Theodore Roosevelt (Republican)
58th	1903–1905		John Abrupt Williams (Mississippi)	— GOP Speaker – Joe Cannon (Illinois)
59th	1905–1907					— Majority — James Due east. Watson (Indiana)
60th	1907–1908
	1908–1909
61st	1909–1911	None	Champ Clark (Missouri)			— Majority — John W. Dwight (New York)		William Howard Taft (Republican)
62nd	1911–1913	None	— Majority — Oscar Underwood (Alabama)	— Dem Speaker – Champ Clark (Missouri)	James Isle of man (Illinois)	John West. Dwight (New York)
63rd	1913–1915	— Majority — Thomas M. Bell (Georgia)				Charles H. Burke (South Dakota)		Woodrow Wilson (Democratic)
64th	1915–1917	None	— Bulk — Claude Kitchin (North Carolina)			Charles M. Hamilton (New York)
65th	1917–1919
66th	1919–1921	None	Gnaw Clark (Missouri)	— GOP Speaker – Frederick H. Gillett (Massachusetts)	— Majority — Frank W. Mondell (Wyoming)	— Majority — Harold Knutson (Minnesota)
67th	1921–1923	William A. Oldfield (Arkansas)	Claude Kitchin (North Carolina)					Warren Yard. Harding (Republican)
68th	1923–1925		Finis J. Garrett (Tennessee)		— Majority — Nicholas Longworth (Ohio)	— Majority — Albert H. Vestal (Indiana)		Calvin Coolidge (Republican)
69th	1925–1927			— GOP Speaker – Nicholas Longworth (Ohio)	— Majority — John Q. Tilson (Connecticut)
70th	1927–1929
71st	1929–1931	John McDuffie (Alabama)	John Nance Garner (Texas)					Herbert Hoover (Republican)
72nd	1931–1933	— Bulk — John McDuffie (Alabama)	— Majority — Henry T. Rainey (Illinois)	— Dem Speaker – John Nance Garner (Texas)	Bertrand Snell (New York)	Carl G. Bachmann (West Virginia)
73rd	1933–1935	— Majority — Arthur H. Greenwood (Indiana)	— Majority — Jo Byrns (Tennessee)	— Dem Speaker – Henry T. Rainey (Illinois)		Harry L. Englebright (California)		Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democratic)
74th	1935–1936	— Majority — Patrick J. Boland (Pennsylvania)	— Majority — William Bankhead (Alabama)	— Dem Speaker – Jo Byrns (Tennessee)
	1936–1937		— Majority — Sam Rayburn (Texas)	— Dem Speaker – William B. Bankhead (Alabama)
75th	1937–1939
76th	1939–1940				Joseph W. Martin Jr. (Massachusetts)
	1940–1941		— Bulk — John West. McCormack (Massachusetts)	— Dem Speaker – Sam Rayburn (Texas)
77th	1941–1942
	1942–1943	— Majority — Robert Ramspeck (Georgia)
78th	1943–1943
	1943–1945					Leslie Arends (Illinois)
79th	1945–1945							Harry S. Truman (Democratic)
	1946–1947	— Majority — John Sparkman (Alabama)
80th	1947–1949	John W. McCormack (Massachusetts)	Sam Rayburn (Texas)	— GOP Speaker – Joseph W. Martin Jr. (Massachusetts)	— Bulk — Charles Halleck (Indiana)	— Bulk — Leslie Arends (Illinois)
81st	1949–1951	— Bulk — Percy Priest (Tennessee)	— Majority — John W. McCormack (Massachusetts)	— Dem Speaker – Sam Rayburn (Texas)	Joseph Westward. Martin Jr. (Massachusetts)	Leslie Arends (Illinois)
82nd	1951–1953
83rd	1953–1955	John W. McCormack (Massachusetts)	Sam Rayburn (Texas)	— GOP Speaker – Joseph W. Martin Jr. (Massachusetts)	— Majority — Charles A. Halleck (Indiana)	— Majority — Leslie C. Arends (Illinois)		Dwight D. Eisenhower (Republican)
84th	1955–1957	— Majority — Carl Albert (Oklahoma)	— Bulk — John W. McCormack (Massachusetts)	— Dem Speaker – Sam Rayburn (Texas)	Joseph W. Martin Jr. (Massachusetts)	Leslie C. Arends (Illinois)
85th	1957–1959
86th	1959–1961				Charles Halleck (Indiana)
87th	1961–1962							John F. Kennedy (Autonomous)
	1962–1963	— Bulk — Hale Boggs (Louisiana)	— Majority — Carl Albert (Oklahoma)	— Dem Speaker – John W. McCormack (Massachusetts)
88th	1963–1965							Lyndon B. Johnson (Autonomous)
89th	1965–1967				Gerald Ford (Michigan)
90th	1967–1969
91st	1969–1971							Richard Nixon (Republican)
92nd	1971–1973	— Majority — Tip O'Neill (Massachusetts)	— Bulk — Hale Boggs (Louisiana)	— Dem Speaker – Carl Albert (Oklahoma)
93rd	1973–1973	— Bulk — John J. McFall (California)	— Majority — Tip O'Neill (Massachusetts)
	1973–1975				John Rhodes (Arizona)
94th	1975–1977					Bob Michel (Illinois)		Gerald Ford (Republican)
95th	1977–1979	— Majority — John Brademas (Indiana)	— Bulk — Jim Wright (Texas)	— Dem Speaker – Tip O'Neill (Massachusetts)				Jimmy Carter (Democratic)
96th	1979–1981
97th	1981–1983	— Majority — Tom Foley (Washington)			Bob Michel (Illinois)	Trent Lott (Mississippi)		Ronald Reagan (Republican)
98th	1983–1985
99th	1985–1987
100th	1987–1989	— Bulk — Tony Coelho (California)	— Bulk — Tom Foley (Washington)	— Dem Speaker – Jim Wright (Texas)
101st	1989–1989					Dick Cheney (Wyoming)		George H.West. Bush (Republican)
	1989–1991	— Majority — William H. Gray III (Pennsylvania)	— Majority — Dick Gephardt (Missouri)	— Dem Speaker – Tom Foley (Washington)		Newt Gingrich (Georgia)
102nd	1991–1991
	1991–1993	— Majority — David Bonior (Michigan)
103rd	1993–1995							Bill Clinton (Democratic)
104th	1995–1997	David Bonior (Michigan)	Dick Gephardt (Missouri)	— GOP Speaker – Newt Gingrich (Georgia)	— Majority — Dick Armey (Texas)	— Bulk — Tom DeLay (Texas)
105th	1997–1999
106th	1999–2001			— GOP Speaker – Dennis Hastert (Illinois)
107th	2001–2002							George W. Bush-league (Republican)
	2002–2003	Nancy Pelosi (California)
108th	2003–2005	Steny Hoyer (Maryland)	Nancy Pelosi (California)		— Majority — Tom DeLay (Texas)	— Bulk — Roy Blunt (Missouri)
109th	2005–2005
	2005–2006				— Majority — Roy Edgeless (Missouri, Acting)
	2006–2007				— Majority — John Boehner (Ohio)
110th	2007–2009	— Majority — Jim Clyburn (S Carolina)	— Bulk — Steny Hoyer (Maryland)	— Dem Speaker – Nancy Pelosi (California)	John Boehner (Ohio)	Roy Blunt (Missouri)
111th	2009–2011					Eric Cantor (Virginia)	Barack Obama (Democratic)
112th	2011–2013	Steny Hoyer (Maryland)	Nancy Pelosi (California)	— GOP Speaker – John Boehner (Ohio)	— Bulk — Eric Cantor (Virginia)	— Bulk — Kevin McCarthy (California)
113th	2013–2014
	2014–2015				— Majority — Kevin McCarthy (California)	— Majority — Steve Scalise (Louisiana)
114th	2015–2015
	2015–2017			— GOP Speaker – Paul Ryan (Wisconsin)
115th	2017–2019						Donald Trump (Republican)
116th	2019–2021	— Majority — Jim Clyburn (Southward Carolina)	— Majority — Steny Hoyer (Maryland)	— Dem Speaker – Nancy Pelosi (California)	Kevin McCarthy (California)	Steve Scalise (Louisiana)
117th	2021–present						Joe Biden (Democratic)
Cong ress	Years	Democratic whip	Democratic leader	Speaker	Republican leader	Republican whip	U.Due south. President

See too [edit]

• Political party leaders of the United States Senate
• Divided authorities in the United States

Notes [edit]

1. ^ These strategic options have been modified to a caste and come from Jones, The Minority Political party in Congress, p. xx.
2. ^ Sources differ on the dates that Underwood served equally Whip:
   • 1 indicates that he served from 1899 to 1901. Meet "Democratic Whips". Office of the Clerk, U.Southward. House of Representatives. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
   • Another indicates that he served merely during 1901. See Heitshusen, Valerie (Feb 27, 2007). "Political party Leaders in Congress, 1789-2007: Vital Statistics" (PDF). Congressional Inquiry Service: CRS–xi. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 27, 2010. Retrieved Apr 21, 2010.
   • According to a gimmicky paper article, "Representative Underwood has been voluntarily filling that position [Democratic whip] since Congress convened" (December iv, 1899). See "Telephone call for a Democratic Caucus". The New York Times. January 9, 1900. p. 8.

References [edit]

•  This article incorporates public domain material from the Congressional Research Service document: Marking J. Oleszek. "The Part of the House Minority Leader: An Overview" (PDF).

1. ^ ^{a b} "Due north.Y. Dem might vote for Boehner". Politico. November 23, 2010. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
2. ^ "Bulk leader, vus ist?". JTA. Jan v, 2011. Archived from the original on March 28, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2011.
3. ^ Heitshusen, Valerie (April 24, 2017). Party Leaders in the House: Election, Duties, and Responsibilities (PDF) (Report). Congressional Inquiry Service. pp. 2–3. RS20881. Retrieved July 24, 2017.
4. ^ Berg-Andersson, Richard Due east. (June seven, 2001). "A Brief History of Congressional Leadership". The Light-green Papers (cocky-published website & blog) . Retrieved Jan five, 2006.
5. ^ "Majority Leaders of the House (1899 to present)". U.Southward. House History, Art & Archives. U.S. Firm of Representatives. Retrieved June x, 2014.
6. ^ "Best & Worst of Congress - News & Features". washingtonian.com. September 2004. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
7. ^ "Pelosi wants to remain leader". Miami Herald. ^{[ dead link ]}
8. ^ Memoli, Michael A. (Nov 17, 2010). "Nancy Pelosi is House minority leader". Los Angeles Times.
9. ^ "Eric Cantor will leave House leadership post after stunning loss". CNN. June eleven, 2014.
10. ^ Zeleny, Jeff; Parkinson, John (June 11, 2014). "Eric Cantor Stepping Downwardly as House Majority Leader". ABC News.
11. ^ Kim, Clare (June 10, 2014). "Eric Cantor loses GOP primary to tea party challenger Dave Brat". MSNBC. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
12. ^ "Cantor'south Loss: A Stunning Upset". The Atlantic. Politico.com. Retrieved June ten, 2014.
13. ^ Ostermeier, Eric (June 10, 2014). "Eric Cantor 1st House Bulk Leader to Lose Renomination Bid in History". Smart Politics. Archived from the original on June 12, 2014. Retrieved June xi, 2014.
14. ^ Costa, Robert (June 10, 2014). "Eric Cantor Succumbs to Tea Party Challenger Tuesday". The Washington Post.
15. ^ "Eric Cantor Tells Virginia Newspaper He'll Resign in August". NBC News. August i, 2014.
16. ^ Quoted in Riddick, Floyd M. (1941). Congressional Procedure. Boston: Chapman and Grimes. p. 346.
17. ^ See Nelson, Garrison (Autumn 1976). "Leadership Position-Belongings in the United States House of Representatives". Capitol Studies (four): 17.
18. ^ Young, James Sterling (1966). The Washington Customs, 1800-1828. New York: Harcourt Brace. pp. 135–136.
19. ^ Young, James Sterling (1966). The Washington Customs, 1800-1828. New York: Harcourt Brace. p. 137.
20. ^ Nelson, Garrison (Fall 1976). "Leadership Position-Holding in the United states of america House of Representatives". Capitol Studies (4): 18.
21. ^ Ripley, Randall B. (1967). Political party Leaders in the House of Representatives. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Establishment. pp. 28n.
22. ^ Ripley, Randall B. (1967). Party Leaders in the House of Representatives. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Establishment. p. 28.
23. ^ 1883Congressional Record, Vol. 29, Page 4-5 (Dec iii, 1883)
24. ^ McNeil, Neil (1963). Forge of Democracy: The House of Representatives. New York: David McKay Co. p. 70.
25. ^ Herbert Bruce Fuller, The Speakers of the House (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1909), p. 208.
26. ^ DeAlva Stanwood Alexander, History and Process of the Business firm of Representatives (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1916), p. 131.
27. ^ ^{a b} Nelson, Garrison (Fall 1976). "Leadership Position-Property in the Usa Business firm of Representatives". Capitol Studies (4): 19.
28. ^ Randall Strahan, "Thomas Brackett Reed and the Rise of Party Government," in Roger Davidson, et al., eds., Masters of the House (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Printing, 1998), p. 36.
29. ^ Encounter Polsby, Nelson (September 1968). "The Institutionalization of the U.South. House of Representatives". American Political Science Review. pp. 144–168.
30. ^ "Minority Leaders of the Firm (1899 to present) | The states House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov . Retrieved May 20, 2020.
31. ^ Sources: Fighting for the Speakership: The Firm and the Rise of Political party Government, by Jeffery A. Jenkins and Charles Haines Stewart and Archive of OurCampaigns.com
32. ^ Charles O. Jones, The Minority Political party in Congress (Boston: Piffling, Brown and Co., 1970), p. 31.
33. ^ Ripley, Randall B. (1967). Party Leaders in the Firm of Representatives. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. pp. 98–99.
34. ^ Lewis Deschler, Deschler's Precedents of the U.s.a. House of Representatives, Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977), pp. 211-212.
35. ^ Guy Gugliotta, "For Minority Leader, A Matter of Consensus; Research Vote Tests Gephardt's Skills," The Washington Post, Oct 8, 1998, pp. A18.
36. ^ Barnes, James A.; Rock, Peter H. (Feb 26, 2000). "A Rich Harvest on the Colina". National Journal. p. 640.
37. ^ Babson, Jennifer (July 15, 1995). "Democrats Refine the Tactics of Minority Party Power". Congressional Quarterly Weekly Written report. Congressional Quarterly. p. 2037.
38. ^ Wallison, Ethan (May 17, 1999). "Gephardt Plans Petition Strategy". Roll Call. p. 1.
39. ^ Arieff, Irwin (Feb 28, 1981). "Inside Congress". Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report. Congressional Quarterly. p. 379.
40. ^ 1989Congressional Record, Vol. 135, Page E3000 (September 12, 1989)
41. ^ William F. Connelly, Jr. and John J. Pitney, Jr., Congress' Permanent Minority? Republicans in the U.S. House (Lanham, Maryland: Littlefield Adams, 1994), p. xv.
42. ^ Dorothy Collin, "Michel Plays to Peoria -- and U.S.," Chicago Tribune, August 16, 1982, p. 2.
43. ^ Come across Jim Vande Hei, "White Firm Sidesteps Gephardt's Leadership," Gyre Phone call, July seven, 1997, p. i.
44. ^ James M. Cannon, "Minority Leaders of the United States House of Representatives, 1965-1973," in Masters of the Firm, p. 275.
45. ^ James Grand. Cannon, "Minority Leaders of the United States House of Representatives, 1965-1973," in Masters of the House, p. 271.
46. ^ Burdette Loomis, "The Consummate Minority Leader: Everette M. Dirksen," in Richard Baker and Roger Davidson, eds., First Among Equals (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 1991), p. 250.
47. ^ Eliza Newlin Carney, "Don't Count Us Out," National Journal, April 29, 1995, p. 1024.
48. ^ Davidson, et al., Masters of the House, pp.323.
49. ^ Sinclair, Barbara (June 26, 1998). Legislators, Leaders, and Code: The U.Southward. House of Representatives in the Postreform Era. JHU Press. ISBN9780801857126 . Retrieved May xx, 2020 – via Google Books.

External links [edit]

• Function of the Majority Leader (Democratic Leader)
• Office of the Bulk Whip (Democratic Whip)

bartonagnat1997.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives#:~:text=With%20the%20Democrats%20holding%20a,and%20Minority%20Whip%20Steve%20Scalise.

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